This study critically examines the nature of the ethical system within the Jewish rabbinic tradition by addressing the question of whether ethics in the Tanakh, Talmud, and rabbinic literature possess a universal structure or are organized according to an ethnocentric and covenantal logic. The research adopts a textual-critical methodology, with its data extracted from primary Jewish texts and rabbinic commentaries. Given the status of Halakha as the normative and legal-religious system of rabbinic Judaism, this study analyzes several halakhic domains related to human and social relations that reflect the ethical values and obligations of this tradition. Accordingly, areas such as judicial justice, economic relations, the preservation of human life, the system of charity, social loyalty, and honesty are examined. The findings indicate that, in many of these areas, distinctions exist between the “in-group” (the people of Israel) and the “out-group” (non-Jews) at the level of ethical and legal obligation. These distinctions can be observed in issues such as legal testimony, usury, the restoration of lost property, saving lives, assistance to the poor, and norms of social loyalty. Rabbinic interpretations generally justify these distinctions by appealing to concepts such as the divine covenant, historical circumstances, and social considerations. The study concludes that ethics in the rabbinic tradition is deeply intertwined with the normative structure of Halakha and that, in many cases, the scope of its ethical obligations is connected to religious identity and membership within the covenantal community.